BiologyHuman Health & Disease· Class 12
Malaria
“A mosquito bite delivers the parasite that still kills hundreds of thousands yearly.”
Caused by the protozoan Plasmodium, spread by female Anopheles mosquitoes.
Memory trick: Plasmodium via Anopheles.
Fundamentals
1,200 must-knows for NEET & JEE
The core facts every aspirant should own — each a titled nugget with a real-world story, the concept in plain words, and a memory trick. Works even when the internet doesn't.
300 fundamentals
BiologyHuman Health & Disease· Class 12
Pathogen types
“Different germs, different cures — which is why one medicine can't fix all.”
Diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi or worms.
Memory trick: Know the culprit to treat it.
BiologyHuman Health & Disease· Class 12
Antibodies
“Each antibody is a custom key cut to fit one invader.”
Y-shaped proteins made by B-lymphocytes that bind and neutralise specific antigens.
Memory trick: Made by B-cells; highly specific.
BiologyBiotechnology & its Applications· Class 12
Bt crops
“Bt cotton fights bollworm without spraying chemicals.”
Crops engineered with a bacterial gene that makes them pest-resistant.
Memory trick: Built-in pest resistance.
BiologyBiotechnology & its Applications· Class 12
Gene therapy
“It aims to fix disease at its DNA root, not just the symptoms.”
Correcting a genetic disorder by inserting a healthy gene.
Memory trick: Repair the faulty gene.
BiologyBiological Classification· Class 11
Fungi
“Fungi are nature's recyclers — and the source of penicillin.”
Heterotrophic eukaryotes that absorb nutrients; include moulds, yeasts and mushrooms.
Memory trick: Absorb food; decompose.
BiologyPlant Kingdom· Class 11
Algae
“Ocean algae produce a large share of the oxygen you breathe.”
Simple photosynthetic organisms, mostly aquatic, that release much of Earth's oxygen.
Memory trick: Aquatic photosynthesisers.
BiologyBiological Classification· Class 11
Lichens
“Where lichens vanish, the air is turning foul.”
A symbiosis of a fungus and an alga; sensitive indicators of air pollution.
Memory trick: Fungus + alga partnership.
BiologyTransport in Plants· Class 11
Guard cells
“They swell to open the leaf's pores and shrink to shut them.”
Bean-shaped cells that open and close stomata to control gas exchange and water loss.
Memory trick: Turgid = open stomata.
BiologyTransport in Plants· Class 11
Root pressure
“Morning water droplets on grass tips are root pressure at work.”
Positive pressure in roots that helps push water up, seen as dewy guttation.
Memory trick: Pushes water up from below.
BiologyPlant Growth & Development· Class 11
Photoperiodism
“Some plants bloom only when nights grow long enough.”
Plants flower in response to the length of day and night.
Memory trick: Day length triggers flowering.
BiologyPhotosynthesis in Higher Plants· Class 11
C4 plants
“C4 crops thrive where ordinary C3 plants struggle in the heat.”
Plants like maize and sugarcane fix CO₂ more efficiently in hot, dry climates.
Memory trick: Heat-efficient carbon fixing.
BiologyBody Fluids & Circulation· Class 11
SA node: the pacemaker
“Your heart's natural metronome, beating without any command.”
The sinoatrial node sets the heart's rhythm by firing electrical impulses.
Memory trick: Heart's natural pacemaker.
BiologyBody Fluids & Circulation· Class 11
Blood pressure
“Chronically high pressure silently strains the heart and vessels.”
The force of blood on artery walls, written as systolic/diastolic (~120/80).
Memory trick: 120/80 is typical.
BiologyBody Fluids & Circulation· Class 11
Lymphatic system
“Your body's drainage-and-defence network running alongside the blood.”
Returns tissue fluid to blood and houses immune cells.
Memory trick: Drains fluid + fights infection.
BiologyChemical Coordination (Endocrine System)· Class 11
ADH and water balance
“Dehydrated? ADH surges so you save every drop.”
Antidiuretic hormone tells kidneys to reabsorb water, concentrating urine.
Memory trick: More ADH → less urine.
BiologyChemical Coordination (Endocrine System)· Class 11
Thyroxine
“Iodised salt exists to prevent thyroxine deficiency and goitre.”
The thyroid hormone controlling metabolic rate; it needs iodine.
Memory trick: Sets your metabolism.
BiologyChemical Coordination (Endocrine System)· Class 11
Adrenaline
“That jolt before a big moment is adrenaline flooding in.”
The fight-or-flight hormone that speeds heart rate and mobilises energy.
Memory trick: Emergency hormone.
BiologyChemical Coordination (Endocrine System)· Class 11
Pituitary: the master gland
“A pea-sized commander directing the body's hormone orchestra.”
It controls other endocrine glands via its hormones.
Memory trick: Bosses other glands.
BiologyHuman Reproduction & Reproductive Health· Class 12
Menstrual cycle
“A monthly rhythm orchestrated by four hormones.”
A ~28-day hormonal cycle preparing the uterus; ovulation occurs around day 14.
Memory trick: Ovulation ~mid-cycle.
BiologyHuman Reproduction & Reproductive Health· Class 12
Spermatogenesis vs oogenesis
“Sperm come by the millions; eggs are precious and few.”
Spermatogenesis makes four functional sperm; oogenesis makes one ovum plus polar bodies.
Memory trick: 4 sperm vs 1 ovum.
BiologyHuman Reproduction & Reproductive Health· Class 12
Test-tube baby (IVF)
“IVF has helped millions of couples conceive.”
Fertilisation outside the body, with the embryo transferred to the uterus.
Memory trick: Fertilise in the lab, implant.
BiologyPrinciples of Inheritance & Variation· Class 12
Codominance (ABO blood group)
“Neither allele hides the other — both are on display.”
Both alleles express fully, as in AB blood where A and B both show.
Memory trick: Both alleles show.
BiologyPrinciples of Inheritance & Variation· Class 12
Incomplete dominance
“Two flower colours blend into a brand-new shade.”
The heterozygote shows a blended intermediate phenotype (red × white → pink).
Memory trick: Blend, not either extreme.