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The questions your board exam loves to ask
800 most-asked Class 11 & 12 (+1 / +2) questions across Physics, Chemistry, Maths and Biology — each with a model answer and the exact marking-scheme points examiners reward. Revise smart, walk in calm.
PhysicsClass 112 marksmedium
Gravitation
Write the expression for the gravitational potential energy of a mass m at a distance r from the centre of the Earth (mass M), and explain why it is negative.
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U = - G M m / r. It is negative because the gravitational force is attractive: zero potential energy is taken at infinity, and as the mass is brought closer, work is done by gravity, lowering the energy below zero. The negative sign shows the mass is in a bound state.
U = - G M m / r
Marking-scheme points
- ✓U = - G M m / r
- ✓Reference: U = 0 at infinity
- ✓Negative => attractive, bound system
PhysicsClass 113 marksmedium
Units and Measurements
State any two uses and two limitations of dimensional analysis.
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Uses: (i) to check the dimensional consistency of an equation; (ii) to convert a quantity from one system of units to another; (iii) to derive the relation between physical quantities. Limitations: (i) it cannot find dimensionless constants (like 1/2 or 2 pi); (ii) it cannot be used if a quantity depends on more than three others, or on trigonometric/exponential/logarithmic functions.
Marking-scheme points
- ✓Uses: check equations, convert units, derive relations
- ✓Limits: cannot give numerical constants
- ✓Fails for trig/exp/log functions
PhysicsClass 113 markshard
Laws of Motion
Why are roads banked at curves? Write the expression for the ideal speed on a frictionless banked road of angle theta and radius r.
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Roads are banked at curves so that the horizontal component of the normal reaction provides the centripetal force needed to turn, reducing reliance on friction and the risk of skidding. On a frictionless banked road, the ideal (safe) speed is v = sqrt(r g tan(theta)).
v = sqrt(r g tan(theta))
Marking-scheme points
- ✓Banking supplies centripetal force via normal reaction
- ✓Reduces dependence on friction
- ✓v = sqrt(r g tan theta)
PhysicsClass 112 marksmedium
Work, Energy and Power
Define the coefficient of restitution. What are its values for a perfectly elastic and a perfectly inelastic collision?
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Mechanical Properties of Solids
Name the three moduli of elasticity and state what each measures.
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Mechanical Properties of Fluids
Write the expression for the terminal velocity of a small sphere falling through a viscous fluid and name the quantities.
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Thermal Properties of Matter
State Stefan's law and Wien's displacement law of black-body radiation.
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Thermodynamics
What is a refrigerator in thermodynamic terms? Write the expression for its coefficient of performance.
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Kinetic Theory
Define mean free path of a gas molecule. State two factors it depends on.
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Oscillations
For a particle in SHM given by x = A sin(omega t), write the expressions for its velocity and acceleration, and state where each is maximum.
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Waves
Write Newton's formula for the speed of sound in a gas and state Laplace's correction to it.
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System of Particles and Rotational Motion
Define the centre of mass of a system of particles. Write its position for a two-particle system.
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Gravitation
How does the acceleration due to gravity vary with depth below the Earth's surface? What is its value at the centre?
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Laws of Motion
A person of mass 50 kg stands in a lift. Find the apparent weight when the lift accelerates upward at 2 m/s^2. Take g = 10 m/s^2.
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Work, Energy and Power
Write the condition (minimum speed) for a body to just complete a vertical circle of radius r at the highest point, and the corresponding minimum speed at the lowest point.
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Motion in a Plane
What is meant by resolution of a vector? Write the rectangular components of a vector A making angle theta with the x-axis.
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Thermodynamics
What is a quasi-static process? Why is it important?
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Waves
Compare the harmonics produced in an open organ pipe and a closed organ pipe.
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Motion in a Straight Line
A body starts from rest and moves with a uniform acceleration of 2 m/s^2. Find the distance travelled by it during the 5th second.
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Gravitation
State Newton's universal law of gravitation and write its mathematical form.
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