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800 most-asked Class 11 & 12 (+1 / +2) questions across Physics, Chemistry, Maths and Biology — each with a model answer and the exact marking-scheme points examiners reward. Revise smart, walk in calm.
ChemistryClass 113 marksmedium
Classification of Elements and Periodicity
How does atomic radius vary across a period and down a group? Give reasons.
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Across a period (left to right), atomic radius decreases because nuclear charge increases while electrons are added to the same shell, so the increased effective nuclear charge pulls the electron cloud closer. Down a group, atomic radius increases because a new shell is added at each step and the number of inner shielding electrons increases, outweighing the rise in nuclear charge.
Marking-scheme points
- ✓Across period: radius decreases (rising effective nuclear charge, same shell)
- ✓Down group: radius increases (new shells added)
- ✓Shielding by inner electrons increases down a group
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Classification of Elements and Periodicity
Why is the first ionization enthalpy of nitrogen greater than that of oxygen?
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Nitrogen has the configuration 1s2 2s2 2p3 with a half-filled 2p subshell, which is extra stable due to symmetry and exchange energy, so removing an electron requires more energy. Oxygen (1s2 2s2 2p4) has one paired electron in 2p; removing it relieves electron-electron repulsion and gives a stable half-filled configuration, so less energy is needed. Hence IE1 of nitrogen > oxygen.
Marking-scheme points
- ✓N has stable half-filled 2p3 configuration
- ✓O 2p4 has electron-pair repulsion, easier to remove
- ✓So IE1(N) > IE1(O)
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Classification of Elements and Periodicity
Define ionization enthalpy. Explain its trend across a period and down a group.
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Ionization enthalpy is the minimum energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from an isolated gaseous atom in its ground state. Across a period it increases because nuclear charge increases and atomic size decreases, so the electron is held more tightly. Down a group it decreases because atomic size increases and shielding by inner electrons increases, so the outer electron is more easily removed.
M(g) -> M+(g) + e-
Marking-scheme points
- ✓Energy to remove electron from gaseous atom
- ✓Increases across a period (size down, nuclear charge up)
- ✓Decreases down a group (size and shielding up)
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Classification of Elements and Periodicity
Why is the electron gain enthalpy of chlorine more negative than that of fluorine?
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Classification of Elements and Periodicity
Define electronegativity. How does it vary across a period and down a group?
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Classification of Elements and Periodicity
Arrange the isoelectronic species O2-, F-, Na+ and Mg2+ in increasing order of ionic radius. Justify.
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Classification of Elements and Periodicity
What are s-, p-, d- and f-block elements? Why are d-block elements called transition elements?
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Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Distinguish between an ionic bond and a covalent bond with one example each.
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Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Using VSEPR theory, predict the shapes and bond angles of BF3, NH3 and H2O.
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Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Why is the bond angle of H2O (104.5 deg) less than that of NH3 (107 deg)?
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Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Describe the hybridization, shape and bonding in an ethyne (C2H2) molecule.
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Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Using molecular orbital theory, write the molecular orbital configuration of O2, calculate its bond order and explain its magnetic nature.
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Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Calculate the bond order of the nitrogen molecule (N2) using molecular orbital theory.
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Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
What is a coordinate (dative) bond? Explain with the example of the ammonium ion.
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Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
What is a hydrogen bond? State the conditions for its formation and its two types.
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Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Why does water (H2O) have a much higher boiling point than hydrogen sulphide (H2S)?
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Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
State Fajans' rules governing the covalent character of an ionic bond.
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Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
What is dipole moment? Why is the dipole moment of CO2 zero while that of H2O is not?
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Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Distinguish between a sigma bond and a pi bond. Which is stronger and why?
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States of Matter
State Boyle's law and Charles's law with their mathematical expressions.
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