Microsporogenesis is the process of formation of microspores (pollen grains) from a microspore mother cell (pollen mother cell) through meiosis; each diploid mother cell gives four haploid microspores arranged in a tetrad. A mature pollen grain has a two-layered wall: an outer hard exine made of sporopollenin (very resistant) with germ pores, and an inner thin intine of cellulose and pectin. Inside, a mature pollen grain is two-celled, having a larger vegetative cell (with food and a tube nucleus) and a smaller generative cell that later forms two male gametes.

Double fertilization is a characteristic feature of flowering plants in which two fusion events take place inside the embryo sac using the two male gametes from one pollen tube. One male gamete fuses with the egg cell to form a diploid zygote; this is called syngamy (true fertilization). The other male gamete fuses with the two polar nuclei of the central cell to form a triploid (3n) primary endosperm nucleus; this is called triple fusion. Since two fusions (syngamy and triple fusion) occur, the process is called double fertilization.

Spermatogenesis is the process of formation of sperms (spermatozoa) from the germ cells in the testes, which begins at puberty. The diploid spermatogonia multiply by mitosis and some enlarge to form primary spermatocytes (2n). Each primary spermatocyte undergoes the first meiotic division to form two haploid secondary spermatocytes, which then undergo the second meiotic division to form four haploid spermatids. The spermatids are transformed into mature sperms by a process called spermiogenesis. It is stimulated by the hormones FSH and testosterone.