For Class 8, 9 & 10

Master the basics - and everything after gets easier

Concept-first questions with clear model answers in Physics, Chemistry, Maths and Biology, all NCERT-aligned. Start early, build the habit, and walk into your boards, NEET and JEE already ahead.

Interactive lessons

learn by playing

Drag, slide and build - watch each concept come alive, then reveal the answer.

200 interactive lessons

Interactive

Ohm's law

Class 10 Physics

Slide V & R, watch the bulb glow

Open
Interactive

pH scale

Class 10 Chemistry

Slide across acids and bases

Open
Interactive

Atomic number and mass number

Class 9 Chemistry

Add protons & neutrons, build shells

Open
Interactive

Laws of reflection

Class 8 Physics

Change the angle, watch it bounce

Open
Interactive

Volume of a sphere

Class 9 Maths

Grow the radius, see the volume

Open
Interactive

Area of a trapezium

Class 8 Maths

Drag the sides, read the area

Open
Interactive

Power of a lens

Class 10 Physics

Move the object, trace the rays

Open
Interactive

Food chain and energy flow

Class 10 Biology

Follow the energy as it flows

Open
Interactive

Speed

Class 8 Physics

Slide distance & time, watch the speed

Open
Interactive

Density

Class 9 Physics

Pack mass into volume, float or sink

Open
Interactive

Work done

Class 9 Physics

Push harder or farther, watch work grow

Open
Interactive

Kinetic energy

Class 9 Physics

Speed it up - energy grows with the square

Open
Interactive

Power of a lens

Class 10 Physics

Shorten the focal length, boost the power

Open
Interactive

Mole concept

Class 9 Chemistry

Weigh out grams, count the moles

Open
Interactive

Avogadro's number

Class 9 Chemistry

Add moles, count the particles

Open
Interactive

Microscope magnification

Class 8 Biology

Grow the image, read the magnification

Open
Interactive

Population density

Class 10 Biology

Add individuals, shrink the land, see crowding

Open
Interactive

Simple interest

Class 8 Maths

Slide money, rate & time, watch interest

Open
Interactive

Pythagoras theorem

Class 9 Maths

Stretch the two sides, get the hypotenuse

Open
Interactive

Probability of an event

Class 10 Maths

Change the outcomes, watch the odds

Open
Interactive

Newton's second law

Class 9 Physics

Push a mass, pick an acceleration

Open
Interactive

Momentum

Class 9 Physics

Slide mass & velocity, build momentum

Open
Interactive

Pressure

Class 8 Physics

Shrink the area, feel the pressure rise

Open
Interactive

Weight

Class 9 Physics

Change the planet's gravity, watch your weight

Open
Interactive

Refractive index

Class 10 Physics

Slow light in the medium, raise the index

Open
Interactive

Resistors in series

Class 10 Physics

Add two resistors in a line

Open
Interactive

Mass percentage of a solution

Class 9 Chemistry

Dissolve solute, read the strength

Open
Interactive

Concentration of a solution

Class 9 Chemistry

Pack solute into less liquid

Open
Interactive

Population change

Class 10 Biology

Balance births against deaths

Open
Interactive

Compound microscope

Class 8 Biology

Combine eyepiece & objective lenses

Open
Interactive

Area of a circle

Class 8 Maths

Grow the radius, watch the area square

Open
Interactive

Volume of a cuboid

Class 8 Maths

Stretch length, breadth & height

Open
Interactive

Electronic configuration and valency

Class 9 Chemistry

Slide the atomic number, build the atom

Open
Interactive

Homologous series (alkanes)

Class 10 Chemistry

Add carbons, name the compound

Open
Interactive

Mass number

Class 9 Chemistry

Add protons & neutrons, get the mass number

Open
Interactive

Power

Class 9 Physics

More work in less time = more power

Open
Interactive

Potential energy

Class 9 Physics

Lift a mass higher, store energy

Open
Interactive

Wave speed

Class 9 Physics

Tune frequency & wavelength, set the speed

Open
Interactive

Electric current

Class 10 Physics

Push charge per second, get the current

Open
Interactive

Percentage

Class 8 Maths

Compare part to whole as a %

Open
Interactive

Electron dot structure

Class 9 Chemistry

Draw valence electrons as dots

Open
Interactive

Acceleration

Class 9 Physics

Speed up over time, find acceleration

Open
Interactive

Distance, speed and time

Class 8 Physics

Set speed & time, cover the distance

Open
Interactive

Frequency and time period

Class 9 Physics

Shorten the period, raise the frequency

Open
Interactive

Heating effect of current

Class 10 Physics

Raise the current, watch heating soar

Open
Interactive

Area of a triangle

Class 8 Maths

Set base & height, halve the rectangle

Open
Interactive

Area of a rectangle

Class 8 Maths

Set length & breadth, fill the area

Open
Interactive

Mean (average)

Class 9 Maths

Share the total equally across items

Open
Interactive

Discount

Class 8 Maths

Slide price & % off, see the saving

Open
Interactive

Heart rate

Class 10 Biology

Set heart rate & time, count the beats

Open
Interactive

Resistors in parallel

Class 10 Physics

Wire two resistors side by side

Open
Interactive

Electric charge

Class 10 Physics

Flow current over time, collect charge

Open
Interactive

Electrical energy and units

Class 10 Physics

Run appliances, add up the units

Open
Interactive

Kelvin temperature scale

Class 9 Chemistry

Slide Celsius, read the Kelvin

Open
Interactive

Moles from number of particles

Class 9 Chemistry

Divide particles by Avogadro's number

Open
Interactive

Ten percent law

Class 10 Biology

See 10% of energy reach the next level

Open
Interactive

Area of a square

Class 8 Maths

Grow the side, square the area

Open
Interactive

Volume of a cube

Class 8 Maths

Grow the edge, cube the volume

Open
Interactive

Circumference of a circle

Class 8 Maths

Grow the radius, roll out the rim

Open
Interactive

Surface area of a cube

Class 9 Maths

Grow the edge, cover six faces

Open
Interactive

Potential difference

Class 10 Physics

Share work across charge, get volts

Open
Interactive

Resistance from Ohm's law

Class 10 Physics

Divide voltage by current, get resistance

Open
Interactive

Echo and SONAR

Class 9 Physics

Time the echo, find the distance

Open
Interactive

Mass from moles

Class 9 Chemistry

Multiply moles by molar mass

Open
Interactive

Breathing rate

Class 10 Biology

Set breathing rate & time

Open
Interactive

Volume of a cylinder

Class 10 Maths

Set radius & height, fill the can

Open
Interactive

Compound interest

Class 8 Maths

Compound money over years

Open
Interactive

Profit and loss percentage

Class 8 Maths

Set cost & selling price, see profit %

Open
Interactive

Perimeter of a rectangle

Class 8 Maths

Set length & breadth, walk the border

Open
Interactive

Surface area of a sphere

Class 10 Maths

Grow the radius, wrap the ball

Open
Interactive

Time period

Class 9 Physics

Raise the frequency, shrink the period

Open
Interactive

Relative velocity

Class 9 Physics

Two objects approach - add their speeds

Open
Interactive

Average velocity

Class 9 Physics

Average the start and end speeds

Open
Interactive

Equations of motion (v = u + at)

Class 9 Physics

Accelerate from u for a time t

Open
Interactive

Kelvin to Celsius

Class 9 Chemistry

Slide Kelvin, read the Celsius

Open
Interactive

Population growth rate

Class 10 Biology

Balance births vs deaths per population

Open
Interactive

Perimeter of a square

Class 8 Maths

Grow the side, walk four edges

Open
Interactive

Perimeter of a triangle

Class 8 Maths

Add the three sides

Open
Interactive

Area of a parallelogram

Class 8 Maths

Set base & height, slide the shape

Open
Interactive

Area of a rhombus

Class 8 Maths

Set the two diagonals

Open
Interactive

Equations of motion (distance)

Class 9 Physics

Start, accelerate, cover ground

Open
Interactive

Joule's law of heating

Class 10 Physics

Raise current, resistance or time

Open
Interactive

Electric power (P = VI)

Class 10 Physics

Multiply voltage by current

Open
Interactive

Average atomic mass of isotopes

Class 9 Chemistry

Mix two isotopes by abundance

Open
Interactive

Seed germination percentage

Class 9 Biology

Count sprouted seeds out of the total

Open
Interactive

Volume of a cone

Class 9 Maths

Set radius & height, fill the cone

Open
Interactive

Surface area of a cylinder

Class 9 Maths

Wrap the side and both ends

Open
Interactive

Surface area of a cuboid

Class 9 Maths

Cover all six rectangular faces

Open
Interactive

nth term of an AP

Class 10 Maths

Step from the first term by d

Open
Interactive

Sum of an AP

Class 10 Maths

Add up the first n terms

Open
Interactive

Focal length of a mirror

Class 10 Physics

Halve the radius to find the focus

Open
Interactive

Speed of light in a medium

Class 10 Physics

Raise the index, slow the light

Open
Interactive

Percentage purity

Class 9 Chemistry

Weigh the pure part of a sample

Open
Interactive

Slope of a line

Class 10 Maths

Rise over run gives the steepness

Open
Interactive

Percentage change

Class 8 Maths

Compare a new value to the old

Open
Interactive

Volume of a hemisphere

Class 9 Maths

Grow the radius of half a ball

Open
Interactive

Area of a sector

Class 10 Maths

Cut a slice of angle from a circle

Open
Interactive

Length of an arc

Class 10 Maths

Measure the curved edge of a slice

Open
Interactive

Slant height of a cone

Class 9 Maths

Combine radius & height for the slant

Open
Interactive

Unit conversion (km/h to m/s)

Class 9 Physics

Convert km/h into m/s

Open
Interactive

Equations of motion (v^2 = u^2 + 2as)

Class 9 Physics

Accelerate over a distance, find v

Open
Interactive

Impulse

Class 9 Physics

Hit harder or longer, change momentum

Open
Interactive

Wavelength

Class 9 Physics

Speed over frequency gives wavelength

Open
Interactive

Oscillations

Class 9 Physics

Vibrate at a frequency for a time

Open
Interactive

Cost of electricity

Class 10 Physics

Units times rate gives the bill

Open
Interactive

Number of neutrons

Class 9 Chemistry

Take protons away from the mass number

Open
Interactive

Curved surface area of a cone

Class 9 Maths

Wrap the slanted side of a cone

Open
Interactive

Total surface area of a cone

Class 9 Maths

Add the base circle to the cone's side

Open
Interactive

Curved surface area of a hemisphere

Class 9 Maths

Cover the dome of a hemisphere

Open
Interactive

Diagonal of a square

Class 9 Maths

Cross a square corner to corner

Open
Interactive

Unit conversion (m/s to km/h)

Class 9 Physics

Convert m/s into km/h

Open
Interactive

Distance from velocities

Class 9 Physics

From two speeds, find the distance

Open
Interactive

Diagonal of a rectangle

Class 9 Maths

Cross a rectangle corner to corner

Open
Interactive

Diagonal of a cuboid

Class 9 Maths

The longest rod that fits in a box

Open
Interactive

Area by Heron's formula

Class 9 Maths

Area from just the three sides

Open
Interactive

Interior angle sum of a polygon

Class 8 Maths

Add up a polygon's inside angles

Open
Interactive

Exterior angle of a regular polygon

Class 8 Maths

Share 360 among a polygon's corners

Open
Interactive

Number of diagonals of a polygon

Class 8 Maths

Count the diagonals of a polygon

Open
Interactive

Discriminant

Class 10 Maths

Test how many roots a quadratic has

Open
Interactive

Sum of roots

Class 10 Maths

Sum of a quadratic's roots

Open
Interactive

Punnett square (monohybrid cross)

Class 10 Biology

Cross two parents, predict the offspring

Open
Interactive

Balancing chemical equations

Class 10 Chemistry

Slide coefficients until atoms balance

Open
Interactive

Writing chemical formulae (valency)

Class 9 Chemistry

Criss-cross valencies into a formula

Open
Interactive

Current from power

Class 10 Physics

Divide power by voltage for current

Open
Interactive

Power (P = V^2 / R)

Class 10 Physics

Voltage squared over resistance

Open
Interactive

Sine ratio

Class 10 Maths

Opposite over hypotenuse

Open
Interactive

Cosine ratio

Class 10 Maths

Adjacent over hypotenuse

Open
Interactive

Tangent ratio

Class 10 Maths

Opposite over adjacent

Open
Interactive

Area of an equilateral triangle

Class 9 Maths

Area of an equilateral triangle

Open
Interactive

Curved surface area of a cylinder

Class 9 Maths

Wrap only the curved side

Open
Interactive

Loss percentage

Class 8 Maths

Sell below cost, find the loss %

Open
Interactive

Amount with simple interest

Class 8 Maths

Principal plus its simple interest

Open
Interactive

Distance formula

Class 10 Maths

Straight distance between two points

Open
Interactive

States of matter

Class 9 Chemistry

Heat particles solid → liquid → gas

Open
Interactive

Parts of a plant cell

Class 8 Biology

Tap a cell part to see its job

Open
Interactive

Diagonal of a cube

Class 9 Maths

Longest diagonal through a cube

Open
Interactive

Total surface area of a hemisphere

Class 9 Maths

Dome plus its flat circle

Open
Interactive

Sum of first n natural numbers

Class 10 Maths

Add 1 + 2 + ... + n instantly

Open
Interactive

Range of data

Class 9 Maths

Spread from smallest to largest

Open
Interactive

Class mark

Class 9 Maths

Midpoint of a class interval

Open
Interactive

Selling price from profit percent

Class 8 Maths

Mark up cost by a profit %

Open
Interactive

Perimeter of a sector

Class 10 Maths

Two radii plus the curved arc

Open
Interactive

Circumference from diameter

Class 8 Maths

Circumference straight from diameter

Open
Interactive

Power (P = F x v)

Class 9 Physics

Force times velocity gives power

Open
Interactive

Percentage of a number

Class 8 Maths

Find a percentage of a number

Open
Interactive

Series and parallel circuits

Class 10 Physics

Break a bulb in series vs parallel

Open
Interactive

Symbols of elements

Class 9 Chemistry

Match each element to its symbol

Open
Interactive

Free fall (velocity)

Class 9 Physics

Drop from a height, hit this speed

Open
Interactive

Free fall (time)

Class 9 Physics

How long a drop takes

Open
Interactive

Free fall (distance)

Class 9 Physics

Distance fallen in a given time

Open
Interactive

Complement of an event

Class 10 Maths

Chance an event does NOT happen

Open
Interactive

Product of roots

Class 10 Maths

Product of a quadratic's roots

Open
Interactive

Exterior angle theorem

Class 9 Maths

Exterior angle = sum of remote interiors

Open
Interactive

Complementary angles

Class 10 Maths

What adds to 90 degrees

Open
Interactive

Supplementary angles

Class 9 Maths

What adds to 180 degrees

Open
Interactive

Perimeter of a semicircle

Class 10 Maths

Curved half plus the diameter

Open
Interactive

Area of a semicircle

Class 10 Maths

Half the area of a circle

Open
Interactive

Turning effect (moments)

Class 9 Physics

Balance the see-saw with moments

Open
Interactive

Reflex arc

Class 10 Biology

Step through a reflex, stimulus to action

Open
Interactive

Buoyant force (upthrust)

Class 9 Physics

Displace liquid, feel the upthrust

Open
Interactive

Relative density

Class 9 Physics

Compare a density to water's

Open
Interactive

Power in lifting a load

Class 9 Physics

Lift a load, faster needs more power

Open
Interactive

Cosecant ratio

Class 10 Maths

Hypotenuse over opposite

Open
Interactive

Secant ratio

Class 10 Maths

Hypotenuse over adjacent

Open
Interactive

Cotangent ratio

Class 10 Maths

Adjacent over opposite

Open
Interactive

Height from angle of elevation

Class 10 Maths

Height from an angle of elevation

Open
Interactive

Area of a quadrant

Class 10 Maths

A quarter of a circle's area

Open
Interactive

Interior angle of a regular polygon

Class 8 Maths

One inside angle of a regular polygon

Open
Interactive

Sum of first n odd numbers

Class 10 Maths

Add the first n odd numbers

Open
Interactive

Sum of first n even numbers

Class 10 Maths

Add the first n even numbers

Open
Interactive

Quadratic formula (a root)

Class 10 Maths

Larger root of a quadratic

Open
Interactive

LCM from HCF

Class 10 Maths

LCM from the product and HCF

Open
Interactive

Depreciation

Class 8 Maths

Value drops by a % each year

Open
Interactive

Cost price from selling price

Class 8 Maths

Work back to the cost price

Open
Interactive

Downstream speed

Class 8 Maths

Row with the current

Open
Interactive

Upstream speed

Class 8 Maths

Row against the current

Open
Interactive

Average speed for a round trip

Class 8 Maths

Average speed there and back

Open
Interactive

Sales tax / GST

Class 8 Maths

Tax added on a price

Open
Interactive

Area of a ring (annulus)

Class 10 Maths

Area of a ring between two circles

Open
Interactive

Edge of a cube from volume

Class 9 Maths

Edge back from the volume

Open
Interactive

Radius from area

Class 10 Maths

Radius back from a circle's area

Open
Interactive

Side from area of a square

Class 8 Maths

Side back from a square's area

Open
Interactive

Height of a triangle from area

Class 9 Maths

Height back from area and base

Open
Interactive

Rate from simple interest

Class 8 Maths

Rate back from the interest

Open
Interactive

Time from simple interest

Class 8 Maths

Time back from the interest

Open
Interactive

Principal from simple interest

Class 8 Maths

Principal back from the interest

Open
Interactive

Mean proportional

Class 10 Maths

Geometric mean of two numbers

Open
Interactive

Fourth proportional

Class 8 Maths

Complete the proportion a : b = c : ?

Open
Interactive

Marked price from selling price

Class 8 Maths

Marked price back from the sale price

Open
Interactive

Chambers of the human heart

Class 10 Biology

Tap a heart chamber to see its job

Open
Interactive

Equation of a line (y = mx + c)

Class 9 Maths

Read y off a straight line

Open
Interactive

Average term of an AP

Class 10 Maths

Average of first and last term

Open
Interactive

Number of terms in an AP

Class 10 Maths

How many terms in an AP

Open
Interactive

Midpoint of two points

Class 10 Maths

x-coordinate of a midpoint

Open
Interactive

Empirical mode

Class 10 Maths

Estimate the mode from mean & median

Open
Interactive

Length of a shadow

Class 10 Maths

Shadow from height and sun angle

Open
Interactive

Train crossing a pole

Class 8 Maths

Speed to cross a pole

Open
Interactive

Time and work

Class 8 Maths

More workers, fewer days

Open
Interactive

Dividing in a ratio

Class 8 Maths

Split a total in a ratio

Open
Interactive

Unitary method

Class 8 Maths

Cost of a single item

Open

Your progress — Foundation - Class 8 to 10

0 / 586 learned
Start your streak todayToday 0/3

Tap “Mark as learned” on a card as you master it — saved on this device, no sign-in needed.

Your badges

0/12 earned

First step
Warming up
On a roll
Halfway hero
3-day streak
Week warrior
Fortnight focus
Unstoppable
Subject cleared
Grade cleared
Completionist
Foundation master

Showing 8 questions for Class 10. Tap a card to reveal the answer.

BiologyControl and Coordinationmedium

What is a reflex arc? Trace the path of a reflex action when you touch a hot object.

Reveal answer ↓

What it is

A reflex arc gives an instant, automatic response through the spinal cord - no thinking needed.

Answer

A reflex arc is the pathway followed by a nerve impulse during a reflex action, allowing a quick automatic response without conscious thought. When you touch a hot object, receptors in the skin send an impulse along a sensory neuron to the spinal cord; there a relay neuron passes it to a motor neuron, which carries the impulse to the muscles of the hand, causing you to pull your hand away instantly.

Receptor -> Sensory -> Spinal cord -> Motor -> Effector

  • Receptor -> sensory neuron -> spinal cord
  • Relay neuron -> motor neuron -> effector (muscle)
  • Fast, automatic, protects the body
  • Processed by spinal cord, not brain

Why learn this

It protects you in a split second (a hot pan, a sharp pin) before the brain even reacts.

💡 Memory trick

Receptor -> Sensory -> Spinal cord -> Motor -> Effector. The spinal cord shortcuts the brain.

BiologyControl and Coordinationmedium

What is a reflex action? Trace the pathway of a reflex arc.

Reveal answer ↓

What it is

A reflex action is a fast, automatic response to a stimulus, controlled by the spinal cord.

Answer

A reflex action is a sudden, automatic response to a stimulus that does not need conscious thinking by the brain. The path taken by the nerve impulse is called the reflex arc: a receptor detects the stimulus, a sensory neuron carries the impulse to the spinal cord, a relay neuron passes it to a motor neuron, and the motor neuron makes the effector (a muscle) act. Because the impulse is processed in the spinal cord and not the brain, the response is very quick.

  • Automatic and rapid, no conscious thought
  • Reflex arc: receptor -> sensory -> spinal cord -> motor -> effector
  • Processed by the spinal cord
  • Protects the body from sudden harm

Why learn this

It protects you instantly - you pull your hand off a hot object before you even feel the pain.

💡 Memory trick

Reflex arc: Receptor -> sensory neuron -> spinal cord -> motor neuron -> muscle. The brain is told later.

BiologyControl and Coordinationmedium

What is the pathway of a reflex action when you touch a hot object? Step through it to explore.

Reveal answer ↓

What it is

A reflex arc is the short nerve pathway that produces an automatic, rapid response to a stimulus.

Reflex arc
Reflex arc pathway123456

1. Stimulus

You touch something hot - that is the stimulus.

Step 1 of 6

Answer

The stimulus (heat) is detected by receptors in the skin. A sensory neuron carries the message to the spinal cord, which acts as the relay and decides the response without waiting for the brain. A motor neuron then carries the command to the effector - a muscle - which contracts and pulls your hand away. This whole pathway is the reflex arc, and it makes the response fast and automatic.

  • Pathway: stimulus -> receptor -> sensory neuron -> spinal cord -> motor neuron -> effector
  • The spinal cord relays it, so it is fast and automatic
  • The brain is informed afterwards

Why learn this

Reflexes protect us instantly - like pulling back from something hot before we even feel the pain.

💡 Memory trick

Stimulus -> receptor -> sensory neuron -> spinal cord -> motor neuron -> effector.

BiologyControl and Coordinationmedium

What is a reflex action? Trace the path of a reflex arc.

Reveal answer ↓

What it is

A reflex action is a quick, automatic response to a stimulus, carried out through a pathway called the reflex arc.

Answer

A reflex action is a sudden, rapid and automatic (involuntary) response of the body to a stimulus, which protects us from harm, such as quickly withdrawing the hand on touching a hot object. It occurs through a pathway called the reflex arc. The path is: a receptor in the skin detects the stimulus and sends an impulse along a sensory neuron to the spinal cord; there, a connector (relay) neuron passes the impulse to a motor neuron, which carries it to the effector (a muscle) that brings about the response. The spinal cord processes reflexes quickly without waiting for the brain.

  • Reflex action: quick, automatic response
  • Path: receptor -> sensory neuron -> spinal cord
  • Then motor neuron -> effector (muscle)
  • Controlled by the spinal cord, not the brain

Why learn this

It protects the body instantly, for example pulling the hand away from a hot object.

💡 Memory trick

Reflex arc: receptor -> sensory neuron -> spinal cord -> motor neuron -> muscle (no brain delay).

BiologyControl and Coordinationmedium

Draw the parts of a neuron and explain how an impulse travels across a synapse.

Reveal answer ↓

What it is

A neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system that carries information as electrical impulses.

Answer

A neuron (nerve cell) has three main parts: dendrites, which receive information; the cell body (cyton), which contains the nucleus; and a long axon, which carries the impulse away. A nerve impulse is picked up by the dendrites, travels as an electrical signal through the cell body and along the axon to its endings. At the end of the axon, the electrical impulse causes the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters into the tiny gap called the synapse, which then start a new electrical impulse in the dendrite of the next neuron. Thus impulses travel in one direction.

  • Neuron = unit of the nervous system
  • Dendrites receive, axon carries away the impulse
  • Synapse = gap between two neurons
  • Neurotransmitters carry the signal across the synapse

Why learn this

Neurons let the body sense, decide and respond quickly.

💡 Memory trick

Dendrite receives -> cell body -> axon carries away -> synapse passes to the next neuron.

BiologyControl and Coordinationmedium

Name the three main parts of the human brain and give one function of each.

Reveal answer ↓

What it is

The brain has three major regions - the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain - each with specific functions.

Answer

The human brain has three main parts. The forebrain, whose main part is the cerebrum, is the centre for thinking, memory, reasoning and voluntary actions, and it receives sensory information. The midbrain controls reflex movements of the head, neck and eyes. The hindbrain includes the cerebellum, which maintains posture and balance and coordinates precise movements, and the medulla oblongata, which controls involuntary actions such as heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure.

  • Forebrain (cerebrum): thinking, memory, voluntary actions
  • Midbrain: reflexes of head and eyes
  • Cerebellum: balance and coordination
  • Medulla: involuntary actions (heartbeat, breathing)

Why learn this

It is the main coordinating centre that controls thinking, balance and vital functions.

💡 Memory trick

Cerebrum = thinking; Cerebellum = balance; Medulla = involuntary actions (heartbeat, breathing).

BiologyControl and Coordinationmedium

Name any four hormones in humans, the glands that secrete them and their functions.

Reveal answer ↓

What it is

Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands that coordinate slow, long-term body activities.

Answer

Four important hormones are: insulin, secreted by the pancreas, which controls the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood; thyroxine, secreted by the thyroid gland, which controls the rate of metabolism and needs iodine; adrenaline, secreted by the adrenal glands, which prepares the body for emergencies (the fight-or-flight response); and growth hormone, secreted by the pituitary gland, which controls the growth of the body. A deficiency of insulin causes diabetes and a deficiency of iodine (for thyroxine) causes goitre.

  • Insulin (pancreas): controls blood sugar
  • Thyroxine (thyroid): controls metabolism, needs iodine
  • Adrenaline (adrenal): emergency fight-or-flight
  • Growth hormone (pituitary): controls growth

Why learn this

They control growth, metabolism, sugar levels and reproduction.

💡 Memory trick

Insulin (sugar), thyroxine (metabolism), adrenaline (fight-or-flight), growth hormone (height).

BiologyControl and Coordinationmedium

What are tropisms? Name the plant hormone responsible for phototropism.

Reveal answer ↓

What it is

Plant hormones control growth, and tropisms are directional growth responses to stimuli like light and gravity.

Answer

Tropisms are directional growth movements of a plant in response to an external stimulus. In phototropism, shoots grow towards light (positive) and roots away from it (negative). In geotropism, roots grow downward towards gravity (positive) and shoots grow upward (negative). Other examples are hydrotropism (response to water) and chemotropism (response to chemicals). The plant hormone auxin is responsible for phototropism: it accumulates on the shaded side of the shoot, making those cells grow longer, so the shoot bends towards the light. Other plant hormones include gibberellins, cytokinins and abscisic acid.

  • Tropism = directional growth response
  • Phototropism: growth towards light
  • Geotropism: roots down, shoots up
  • Auxin causes shoots to bend towards light

Why learn this

It explains why shoots grow towards light and roots grow downward.

💡 Memory trick

Phototropism = light; Geotropism = gravity; Auxin makes shoots bend towards light.

Browse by grade & subject

Concept-first question banks with model answers, the why, and a memory trick — one page per subject.